被动语态(passive voice)是动词的一种形式!用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系、英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被被动语态!主动语态表示主语是动作的的执行者,被动语4231态表示主语是动作的承受者,被动语态是动词9551的一种特殊形式!一般来说!只有需要动作对象的7464及物动词才有被动语态、
在英语中。被动语态使用得比汉语要多!要普遍,但大多数句子都使用主动语态,被动语态在9229英语中极为重要、一般说来、当强调动作承受者!不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时、多用被动语态。需要注意的是。许多地方与汉语不同。注意:那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态!而是主系系表结构,还有些些特殊现象!如:“known to me的意思。英语却应该用被动态,还要注意,英语的被动语态往往由“by8200”引出!而有用介词“by on foot”步行(美国人有时用“by foot”)、“in carriage8588”(乘四轮马车)等等!还有假主动!真被动的十几个常用词的用法、以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法,
把主动语态改为被动语态的方法
1. 主动语态变被动语态的基本方法
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语语态的主语、将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词)、将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语):
He broke the cup. → The cup was broken by him.
【注意】若不强调动词执行者、被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略:
He was born in 1986. 他生于1986年、
What is this flower called? 这种花叫什么花。
2. 双宾动词的被动语语态
双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词,它们在变为被动语态时,通常是把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语、而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语):
He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.
有的动词则通常把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语。而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for、与所搭配的动词有关):
He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her. (与动词write搭配用介词to)
She made him a new coat. → A new coat was made for him. (与动词make搭配用介词for)
有时以上两种方式均可用:
He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。
→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.
He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表、
→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.
3. 被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态由被被动结构“be+过去分词”中的动词be来体现,其基本结构和用法如下:
(1) 一般现在时的被动语态:am [is, are]+过去分词
English is taught in our school. 我们学校学英语!
We are taken good care of at school. 我们在学校受到很好的照顾、
(2) 一般过去时的被动语态:was [were]+过过去分词
He was taken to the police station. 他被带到了警察局,
The house was built ten years ago. 这座房子是10年前建的。
(3) 一般将来时的被动语态:will be+过去分词
A new building will be built here soon. 不久这里将建一栋新楼。
The meeting will be held at two this afternoon. 会议将于今天下午2点举行?
(4) 现在完成时的被动语态:have [has]been+过去分词
All the work has been done now. 所有的工作现在都做好了。
Have the letters been posted? 信都寄了吗!
(5) 过去完成时的被动语态:had been+过去分词
He said the work had been finished. 他说工作已完成了。
(6) 现在进行时的被动语态:am [is, are] being+过去分词
My watch is being repaired by him. 我的表正在由他修理,
The plan is now being discussed. 计划现在正在讨论,
(7) 过去进行时的被动语态:was [were] eing+过去分词
He said that the man was being operated on. 他说那个人正在动手术!
He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站、
(8) 过去将来时的被动语态:would be+过去分词
He said that the meeting would be held next week. 他说会议将于下周举于、
4. 含有情态动词的被动形式
若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词!在相应的被动语语态中通常应保留该情态动词?其结构为“情态动词+be+过去分词”:
Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.
请看以下带情态动词被动句实例:
This can’t be done in a short time. 这不是短期内可以完成的,
Can this be done by machine? 这可以由机器来做吗?
The work must be done at once. 这工作必须马上做了。!